![]() Hybrid refractive-diffractive components ( 8), hybrid free-form lenses that are directly printed onto optical fibers ( 9), or even multicomponent optical systems ( 10, 11) exhibit a huge potential for many fields of application. ![]() While the first publications covered single optical components, such as microlenses ( 1), diffraction gratings ( 2), waveguides ( 3), free-form surfaces ( 4, 5), phase masks ( 6), or photonic crystals ( 7), the field has considerably developed in terms of complexity. Direct three-dimensional (3D) printing of micro-optical and nano-optical components by femtosecond direct laser writing has recently revolutionized the field of micro-optics.
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